Before you start composing your holiday cards and invitations, here's a cautionary tale for you. Recently, I bought an e-book that I didn’t realize was self-published. But by the time the protagonist made her third or fourth visit to “the Cooper’s,” it was clear the manuscript never had a professional editor. That error was no surprise. But then, just a week later, I noticed in an otherwise well-edited bestseller that a character would be heading to “the Nashs’ house.”
Plural possessives of proper names are hard. And this time of year, proper name errors aren’t just a concern for authors. Holiday cards and party invitations are minefields for anyone who might make reference to the Smiths or the Williamses or for anyone who wants to talk about visiting the Smiths’ house or the Williamses’ house. Errors involving plural proper names are so common that I almost never see them written correctly. So here, just in time for the holidays, is a guide for getting them right.
When working with proper names, break the process down into two steps. First, ask yourself whether the name is singular or plural. Second, ask yourself whether you want it to show possession. Singular names are easy: Smith, Wilson, Williams, Nash, Mendez, Berry. But plural names confuse people, who end up penning errors like, “We’re looking forward to spending time with the Smith’s or the Mendez’ or the Berry’s.”
Understanding Plural Names
Avoid these errors by heeding this most basic rule: Apostrophes don’t form plurals. To make a proper name into a plural, simply add S or ES. For example, Mr. Smith plus Mrs. Smith equals two Smiths. “We’re looking forward to seeing the Smiths this year.” For most proper names, it’s that simple!
Names ending in S, Z, Ch, Sh, or X seem more complicated, but they’re not. Just add ES. For instance, Mr. Nash plus Mrs. Nash equals the Nashes, similarly, Mr. Gomez plus Junior Gomez are the Gomezes. The same principle applies to proper names that end in Y. Although many generic words that end in Y, like “berry,” form the plural with “ies,” as in “berries,” proper nouns don’t work that way.
Possessive Forms of Proper Names
Once you’ve established whether the name is plural or singular, decide whether you want it to be possessive. Singular nouns form the possessive with just an apostrophe and S: for example, Mr. Smith’s house, Mr. Mendez’s house, and Ms. Berry’s house. The only exception is that, in certain editing styles, names ending in S don’t get another S after the apostrophe.
In that case, you might see Mr. Jones’ house or Mr. Williams’ house in a newspaper. But book publishing doesn’t make this exception. In that style, it’s Mr. Jones’s house and Mr. Williams’s house. Regardless of which style you follow, there are no such exceptions for names ending in S, X, Z, Sh, or Ch. Mr. Mendez’s house takes an apostrophe and S, as do Max’s house and Xerox’s earnings.
Dealing with Plural Possessives
People often get tripped up when a name is both plural and possessive. However, these are surprisingly easy to manage. Unlike singular possessives, which take an apostrophe followed by an S, plural possessives take an apostrophe alone. So, if you’re going to the home of the Smiths, you’re going to the Smiths’ house. If you’re going to visit the Williamses, that would be at the Williamses’ house.
For instance, Mr. and Mrs. Mendez, known collectively as the Mendezes, live in the Mendezes’ house. And Mr. and Mrs. Berry, whom we call the Berrys, live in the Berrys’ house. Plural possessives of proper names really are that easy if you just take it step by step!
JUNE CASAGRANDEis the author of “The Best Punctuation Book, Period.” She can be reached at JuneTCN@aol.com.
